The Limbourgs Were a Ruling Royal Family Who Invested in a Lot of Art

Charles I (r. 1625-1649)

Charles I was born in Fife on xix Nov 1600, the second son of James Half dozen of Scotland (from 1603 likewise James I of England) and Anne of Kingdom of denmark.

He became heir to the throne on the expiry of his brother, Prince Henry, in 1612. He succeeded, every bit the second Stuart King of Cracking Britain, in 1625.

Controversy and disputes dogged Charles throughout his reign. They eventually led to civil wars, first with the Scots from 1637, in Ireland from 1641, and then England (1642-46 and 1648). The wars deeply divided people at the time, and historians nonetheless disagree about the existent causes of the conflict, but information technology is clear that Charles was not a successful ruler.

Charles was reserved (he had a residual falter), cocky-righteous and had a high concept of majestic say-so, believing in the divine correct of kings. He was a adept linguist and a sensitive human of refined tastes.

He spent a lot on the arts, inviting the artists Van Dyck and Rubens to work in England, and ownership a great collection of paintings past Raphael and Titian (this collection was afterward dispersed under Cromwell). Charles I as well instituted the post of Master of the King's Music, involving supervision of the King'south big band of musicians; the post survives today.

His expenditure on his court and his moving picture collection greatly increased the crown's debts. Indeed, crippling lack of money was a cardinal problem for both the early Stuart monarchs.

Charles was as well deeply religious. He favoured the loftier Anglican class of worship, with much ritual, while many of his subjects, particularly in Scotland, wanted plainer forms.

Charles found himself ever more in disagreement on religious and financial matters with many leading citizens. Having broken an engagement to the Spanish infanta, he had married a Roman Catholic, Henrietta Maria of France, and this simply fabricated matters worse.

Although Charles had promised Parliament in 1624 that at that place would be no advantages for recusants (people refusing to attend Church of England services), were he to marry a Roman Catholic bride, the French insisted on a delivery to remove all disabilities upon Roman Catholic subjects.

Charles's lack of scruple was shown by the fact that this delivery was secretly added to the marriage treaty, despite his promise to Parliament.

Charles had inherited disagreements with Parliament from his begetter, but his ain deportment, particularly engaging in sick-fated wars with France and Espana at the same time, eventually brought about a crisis in 1628-29.

Two expeditions to French republic failed - one of which had been led past The Knuckles of Buckingham, a imperial favourite of both James I and Charles I, who had gained political influence and armed services ability.

Such was the full general dislike of Buckingham, that he was impeached by Parliament in 1628, although he was murdered by a fanatic before he could lead the 2nd expedition to France.

The political controversy over Buckingham demonstrated that, although the monarch'south right to choose his own Ministers was accepted as an essential part of the royal prerogative, Ministers had to be acceptable to Parliament or at that place would be repeated confrontations.

The King'south chief opponent in Parliament until 1629 was Sir John Eliot, who was finally imprisoned in the Tower of London until his death in 1632.

Tensions between the King and Parliament centred around finances, made worse by the costs of war away, and by religious suspicions at abode. Charles'due south marriage was seen as ominous, at a time when plots against Elizabeth I and the Gunpowder Plot in James I'south reign were still fresh in the collective memory, and when the Protestant cause was going badly in the state of war in Europe.

In the first four years of his dominion, Charles was faced with the alternative of either obtaining parliamentary funding and having his policies questioned by argumentative Parliaments who linked the issue of supply to remedying their grievances, or conducting a state of war without subsidies from Parliament.

Charles dismissed his fourth Parliament in March 1629 and decided to make do without either its advice or the taxes which it lonely could grant legally.

Although opponents later called this menstruum 'the Eleven Years' Tyranny', Charles'south decision to rule without Parliament was technically within the Rex'south regal prerogative, and the absence of a Parliament was less of a grievance to many people than the efforts to raise revenue by non-parliamentary means.

Charles'due south leading advisers, including William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Earl of Strafford, were efficient but disliked.

For much of the 1630s, the King gained well-nigh of the income he needed from such measures as impositions, exploitation of woods laws, forced loans, wardship and, above all, ship money (extended in 1635 from ports to the whole country). These measures made him very unpopular, alienating many who were the natural supporters of the Crown.

Scotland, which Charles had left at the age of iii, returning only for his Scottish coronation in 1633, proved the catalyst for rebellion. Charles's attempt to impose a High Church liturgy and prayer book in Scotland had prompted a riot in 1637 in Edinburgh which escalated into general unrest.

Charles had to recollect Parliament. However, the Short Parliament of April 1640 queried Charles's request for funds for war confronting the Scots and was dissolved within weeks.

The Scots occupied Newcastle and, under the treaty of Ripon, stayed in occupation of Northumberland and Durham and they were to be paid a subsidy until their grievances were redressed.

Charles was finally forced to call another Parliament in November 1640. This 1, which came to be known as the Long Parliament, started with the imprisonment of Laud and Strafford (the latter was executed within six months, after a Bill of Attainder which did not allow for a defence), and the abolition of the King's Council (Star Chamber), and moved on to declare transport coin and other fines illegal.

The Rex agreed that Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent, and the Triennial Act of 1641 meant that no more than iii years could elapse between Parliaments.

The Irish uprising of October 1641 raised tensions between the King and Parliament over the command of the Army. Parliament issued a 1000 Remonstrance repeating their grievances, impeached 12 bishops and attempted to impeach The Queen.

Charles responded by inbound the Commons in a failed attempt to arrest 5 Members of Parliament, who had fled before his inflow. Parliament reacted by passing a Militia Bill, allowing troops to be raised only nether officers canonical by Parliament.

Finally, on 22 Baronial 1642 at Nottingham, Charles raised the Royal Standard calling for loyal subjects to support him. Oxford was to exist the Rex's capital during the war. The Civil War, what Sir William Waller (a Parliamentary general and moderate) called 'this war without an enemy', had begun.

The Battle of Edgehill in Oct 1642 showed that early on the fighting was even. Broadly speaking, Charles retained the northward, west and southward-westward of the state, and Parliament had London, E Anglia and the due south-eastward, although there were pockets of resistance everywhere, ranging from lone garrisons to whole cities.

Yet, the Navy sided with Parliament (which made it hard for continental aid to reach the Royalists), and Charles lacked the resources to hire substantial mercenary help.

Parliament had entered an armed alliance with the predominant Scottish Presbyterian group nether the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643, and from 1644 onwards Parliament'southward armies gained the upper hand - particularly with the improved grooming and bailiwick of the New Model Regular army.

The Self-Denying Ordinance was passed to exclude Members of Parliament from holding ground forces commands, thereby getting rid of vacillating or incompetent earlier Parliamentary generals. Under strong generals similar Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, Parliament won victories at Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645).

The capture of the King's secret correspondence after Naseby showed the extent to which he had been seeking assistance from Ireland and from the Continent, which alienated many moderate supporters.

In May 1646, Charles placed himself in the hands of the Scottish Army (who handed him to the English Parliament later on nine months in return for arrears of payment - the Scots had failed to win Charles's support for establishing Presbyterianism in England).

I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance tin exist

The final words of Charles I

Charles did not see his action as surrender, merely as an opportunity to regain lost ground by playing one group off against another; he saw the monarchy equally the source of stability and told parliamentary commanders 'yous cannot be without me: you will autumn to ruin if I do not sustain you'.

In Scotland and Ireland, factions were arguing, whilst in England there were signs of sectionalization in Parliament betwixt the Presbyterians and the Independents, with breach from the Army (in which radical doctrines such as that of the Levellers were threatening commanders' potency).

Charles's negotiations continued from his captivity at Carisbrooke Castle on the Island of Wight (to which he had 'escaped' from Hampton Court in November 1647) and led to the Engagement with the Scots, under which the Scots would provide an ground forces for Charles in exchange for the imposition of the Covenant on England.

This led to the second Civil War of 1648, which concluded with Cromwell's victory at Preston in Baronial.

The Ground forces, final that permanent peace was impossible whilst Charles lived, decided that the King must exist put on trial and executed. In Dec, Parliament was purged, leaving a small rump totally dependent on the Regular army, and the Rump Parliament established a High Court of Justice in the first week of Jan 1649.

On 20 January, Charles was charged with high treason 'against the realm of England'. Charles refused to plead, saying that he did not recognise the legality of the High Court: it had been established by a Commons purged of dissent, and without the Business firm of Lords - nor had the Commons always acted as a judicature.

The Rex was sentenced to death on 27 January. Three days after, Charles was beheaded on a scaffold outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall, London.

On the scaffold, he repeated his case:

I must tell yous that the freedom and freedom [of the people] consists in having of Government, those laws by which their life and their goods may exist most their own. It is non for having share in Government, Sir, that is nothing pertaining to them. A field of study and a sovereign are clean different things. If I would have given manner to an arbitrary style, for to take all laws changed co-ordinate to the Power of the Sword, I needed not to have come here, and therefore I tell you ... that I am the martyr of the people

The King was buried on 9 February at Windsor, rather than Westminster Abbey, to avert public disorder. To avoid the automated succession of Charles I's son Charles, an Act was passed on xxx January forbidding the proclaiming of another monarch. On 7 February 1649, the office of King was formally abolished.

The Civil Wars were essentially confrontations betwixt the monarchy and Parliament over the definitions of the powers of the monarchy and Parliament's authority.

These constitutional disagreements were made worse by religious animosities and fiscal disputes. Both sides claimed that they stood for the rule of constabulary, yet civil war was by definition a matter of strength.

Charles I, in his unwavering belief that he stood for constitutional and social stability, and the right of the people to enjoy the benefits of that stability, fatally weakened his position by failing to negotiate a compromise with Parliament and paid the price.

To many, Charles was seen as a martyr for his people and, to this solar day, wreaths of remembrance are laid by his supporters on the anniversary of his death at his statue, which faces down Whitehall to the site of his execution. Afterwards 11 years of Parliamentary rule (known as the Interregnum), Charles'due south son, Charles Two was proclaimed King in 1660.

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Source: https://www.royal.uk/charles-i